Invention Review

Critical and Objective Review of Interesting Inventions

Friday, May 9, 2014

Science vs Pseudoscience: What, Where, When, Which, Why, Who and How

SCIENCE
Definition: Knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment, critically tested, systematized and brought under general principles, esp in relation to the physical world (Chambers Dictionary, 12th Edition, 2011).

S1. Web of Science: Collection of over 32 million science publications
http://thomsonreuters.com/thomson-reuters-web-of-science

S2. PubMed comprises more than 23 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

S3. ScienceDirect: Collection of over 12 million science publications
http://www.sciencedirect.com

S4. Science in "How Stuff Works"
http://science.howstuffworks.com

S5. Faculty of Science - National University of Singapore
http://www.science.nus.edu.sg



PSEUDOSCIENCE
Definition: A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method (New Oxford American Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2010).

P1. What Is Pseudoscience?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-pseudoscience

P2. Pseudoscience: What is it? How can I recognize it?
http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/pseudosci.html

P3. List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience

P4. Characteristics of pseudoscience:
    1 Vague and/or exaggerated claims and ambiguous language
    2 Lack of peer review, and claims of vast establishment conspiracies
    3 No attempts or interest in replication or outside verification
    4 Stasis, and hostility towards development or change of the idea
    5 Frequent changes in methodology without changing the conclusions
    6 Refusal to use the scientific method, or the claim that it can not be used
    7 Misuse of scientific terms
    8 Misrepresentation of terms
    9 Poor standards of evidence
    10 Reliance on negative proofs
    11 Reliance on outside or unrelated fields for results
    12 Reliance on outdated or later refuted scholarly works
    13 Ideas are unfalsifiable
    14 Clear political and religious motivation
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Pseudoscience

P5: Quackwatch, an alternative medicine watchdog: Aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct"
http://www.quackwatch.org


LITERATURE (26)
Bunge, M., 1991. What is science? Does it matter to distinguish it from pseudoscience? A reply to my commentators. New Ideas in Psychology 9, 245–283. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90030-P
Burki, T., 2009. Denying AIDS. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9, 600. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70252-X
Coles, E.M., Veiel, H.O.F., 2001. Expert testimony and pseudoscience: How mental health professionals are taking over the courtroom. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 24, 607–625. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(01)00100-5
Cone, E.J., 2006. Ephemeral profiles of prescription drug and formulation tampering: Evolving pseudoscience on the Internet. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Drug Formulation and Abuse Liability 83, Supplement 1, S31–S39. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.027
Gefter, A., 2010. The fuzzy boundary between science and pseudoscience. New Scientist 206, 48–49. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61275-4
Giuffre, M., 1997. Science, bad science, and pseudoscience. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 12, 434–438. doi:10.1016/S1089-9472(97)90007-1
Grimes, D.A., Schulz, K.F., Raymond, E.G., 2010. Surrogate end points in women’s health research: science, protoscience, and pseudoscience. Fertility and Sterility 93, 1731–1734. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.054
Gulrajani, N., 2004. World Bank pseudoscience? The Lancet 364, 1852–1853. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17431-X
Herbert, J.D., Lilienfeld, S.O., Lohr, J.M., Montgomery, R.W., O’Donohue, W.T., Rosen, G.M., Tolin, D.F., 2000. Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Implications for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review 20, 945–971. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00017-3
Kelly, I.W., Janzen, B.L., Saklofske, D.H., 2012. Psychology, Science, and Astrology, in: Ramachandran, V.S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 218–224.
Kratochwill, T.R., 2012. Comments on “Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology:” Evidence-based interventions for grandiose bragging. Journal of School Psychology 50, 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.11.003
Lilienfeld, S.O., 2010. Can psychology become a science? Personality and Individual Differences, Collected works from the Festschrift for Tom Bouchard, June 2009: A tribute to a vibrant scientific career 49, 281–288. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.024
Lilienfeld, S.O., Ammirati, R., David, M., 2012. Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error. Journal of School Psychology 50, 7–36. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006
Makgoba, M.W., 2002. Politics, the media and science in HIV/AIDS: the peril of pseudoscience. Vaccine, Global HIV Therapeutics - HIV Vaccines, Nobel Forum, Karolinska 20, 1899–1904. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00063-4
Monvoisin, R., 2005. Élixirs floraux de Bach : étude zététique: Critique des concepts pseudo-scientifiques, pseudo-médicaux et des postures philosophiques induites par la théorie du Dr Bach. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 63, 416–428. doi:10.1016/S0003-4509(05)82310-7
Morrison, G.S., 2014. Distinguishing between forensic science and forensic pseudoscience: Testing of validity and reliability, and approaches to forensic voice comparison. Science & Justice 54, 245–256. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2013.07.004
Okada, F., Kinoshita, S., 1995. Shinshinsho: clinical entity or pseudoscience? The Lancet 346, 66–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92107-9
Rogers, L.J., 2010. Sexing the Brain: The Science and Pseudoscience of Sex Differences. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 26, S4–S9. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(10)70051-6
Sheldon, M.P., 2014. Claiming Darwin: Stephen Jay Gould in contests over evolutionary orthodoxy and public perception, 1977–2002. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 45, 139–147. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.10.002
Simberloff, D., 2004. Invasion biology. Critique of a pseudoscience: D.I. Theodoropoulos, Avvar Books, 2003, ISBN: 0970850417, xiv+237 pp. Ecological Economics 48, 360–362. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.11.002
Spaan, J.A.E., 2010. The danger of pseudoscience in Informetrics. Journal of Informetrics 4, 439–440. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2010.03.010
Thorp, S.R., 2004. Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology: Edited by S. O. Lilienfeld, S. J. Lynn, & J. M. Lohr. New York: Guilford Press, 2003, 474 pages, $42.00. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56, 381. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00119-3
Tye, A., 2005. Invasion biology: critique of a pseudoscience. Biological Conservation 122, 505–506. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.08.003
Uriel Latorre, P., 2009. Pseudociencia. Enfermería Clínica 19, 238. doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2009.03.006
Van Rillaer, J., 1991. Strategies of dissimulation in the pseudosciences. New Ideas in Psychology 9, 235–244. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90029-L
Van Rillaer, J., 2012. La psychanalyse freudienne : science ou pseudoscience ? Pratique Neurologique - FMC 3, 348–353. doi:10.1016/j.praneu.2012.09.001

Saturday, May 3, 2014

Diamond Water System: A Scientific Review

Science [14]: Knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment, critically tested, systematized and brought under general principles, esp in relation to the physical world (Chambers Dictionary, 12th Edition, 2011)

[A] What is the Diamond Water Treatment System?

Figure 1. Diamond Exhibition Booth

 
Video 1. Claiming the many benefits
of the Diamond Water Treatment System ((in Mandarin)

In essence, this is a drinking water treatment system (Figure 1, Video 1).

The following are various website relating to Diamond Water System and it is unclear who is the primary franchisee and whether the distributorship is exclusive in Singapore:
  • http://www.diamond.com.sg
  • http://sg.diamondew.com/
  • http://diamondsingaporemarketing.com
  • http://www.diamondwater.asia/sg
  • http://www.diamondwaterweb.com

[B] Anecdotal evidence

This is a collection of anecdotal evidence from people who used this product:
  • Diamond water livened up my dying plant
  • Diamond water lengthen the lifespan of my fishes (in comparison to use of Singapore tap water)
  • ... post a comment if you have other anecdotal evidence (preferably 1st hand) and I'll add it here
Forum discussions:
  1. http://forums.cozycot.com/health/15055-diamond-energy-water.html
  2. http://hongkong.geoexpat.com/forum/115/thread255862.html
  3. http://sgforums.com/forums/14/topics/114804
  4. http://sgforums.com/forums/8/topics/430363
  5. http://singaporebrides.com/weddingforum/threads/diamond-water.2728
  6. http://singaporemotherhood.com/forum/threads/2012-08-aug-2012.1474/page-31
  7. http://www.clubsnap.com/forums/showthread.php?t=176721&page=13
  8. http://www.kiasuparents.com/kiasu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=49&t=4141&start=40
  9. http://www.mummysg.com/forums/f77/water-filter-better-hyflux-cleansui-28822
  10. http://www.mycarforum.com/topic/2081428-diamond-energy-water
  11. http://www.mycarforum.com/topic/2638056-diamond-energy-water
  12. http://www.mycarforum.com/topic/2644302-any-comment-on-diamond-water-filters
  13. http://www.mycarforum.com/topic/2652325-recommendation-for-water-filter
  14. http://www.myhometown.sg/Forum/PublicForum/tabid/189/aft/47243/Default.aspx
  15. http://www.punggol.sg/forum/general_discussion/water_filtration_system_for_homesrecommendations_reviews_and_comments_welcome-t6501.0.html
  16. http://www.renotalk.com/forum/topic/7977-water-filter-system
  17. http://www.sammyboy.com/showthread.php?148959-Water-Purification-sytem-for-the-home/page8
  18. http://www.usj.com.my/bulletin/upload/archive/index.php/t-16718.html
  19. http://www.usj.com.my/bulletin/upload/archive/index.php/t-7636.html
  20. https://forum.lowyat.net/topic/1086658/all
  21. https://forum.lowyat.net/topic/1174917/all
  22. https://forum.lowyat.net/topic/1668611/all
  23. https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=forum+diamond+water+filter&oq=forum+diamond+water+filter
Blog discussions:
  1. http://warforscience.blogspot.sg/2010/02/sceptical-towards-pseudoscience-diamond.html
  2. http://littletigergrowingup.blogspot.sg/2012/12/health-choosing-water-filter.html
  3. http://chips.imutroom.com/2010/06/26/diamond-water-its-not-just-the-product-but-the-after-sales-care-as-well
  4. http://malaysiawater.blogspot.sg/2007/05/malaysians-water-filters-diamond-etc.html
  5. http://diamondwaterfilterscam.blogspot.sg

[C] Dissecting the 6-filter "Diamond Spring Water System" (DSWS)

At the heart of the DSWS is a 6-filter system [1]:
  1. F1 (Filter 1): "The world's best impregnated ceramic filter, which has been awarded NSF Certification, thoroughly removes bacteria and impurities like dirt, silt and rust." [1]
  2. F2 (Filter 2): "Activated carbon removes unpleasant odours and colours, while natural mineral stones regulate mineral content." [1]
  3. F3 (Filter 3): "Composed of Grade A activated carbon and a KDF metal ion converter (meeting the standards stipulated by the FDA and EPA of the United States), this filter completely removes heavy metals, chlorine, and other chemical contaminants." [1]
  4. F4 (Filter 4): "The CE3000PI Energy Conversion technology of Japan effectively breaks water molecules into the smallest possible clusters; making it easier for our body to absorb. It also increases the dissolved oxygen content in the water." [1]
  5. F5 (Filter 5): "A high-tech ID3 energy stabilizer with far infrared technology stabilizes energy in the water to keep water molecule clusters at the smallest size for a prolonged period of time." [1]
  6. F6 (Filter 6): "High-density activated carbon combined with natural magnetic stones help balance the water to a mild alkaline level and increase the number of calcium ions to further enhance health." [1]
Let us dissect each of the filter and see what the literature say about them:

F1: Ceramic filter [2], a known technology.

F2: Activated carbon [3, 4], another known technology

F3: Activated carbon [3, 4] + KDF Compounds [5, 6]; known technologies. The KDF invention are patented and a list of their patents can be downloaded from this link

F4:"CE2000PI Energy Conversion", a hocus pocus proprietary invention:
  • Definition of molecule [7]: a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
  • Definition of atom [7]: the basic unit of a chemical element
  • Breaking water molecules [8] is possible but it is not relevant to water treatment
F5: "ID2 energy stabilizer with far infrared technology", another hocus pocus proprietary invention:
  • Electromagnetic absorption [9] by water is also possible and again it is not relevant to water treatment
F6: Activated carbon with Magnetic stones for generating alkaline water:
  • Use of magnetic stones to generate alkaline water is interesting but largely unscientific [9, 10, 11, 12]
  • Inconclusive evidence after a cursory review of papers in PubMed & ScienceDirect
  • However, I found an interesting paper supporting the benefit of alkaline water in PubMed:    Koufman, J.A., Johnston, N., 2012. Potential benefits of pH 8.8 alkaline drinking water as an adjunct in the treatment of reflux disease. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 121, 431–434
  • Overall, the technology in F6, in particular the benefits from the consumption of alkaline water is yet to be proven -  randomised controlled trials would be helpful

[D] Science, Pseudoscience, Quackery, Scam, Snake Oil and Water

Water-related pseudoscience fantasy and quackery
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/index.html

Water Pseudoscience involving Water Clusters, Water Memory, Splitting Water, Alkaline Water
http://www.lenntech.com/water-pseudoscience.htm


Physical water treatment science & pseudoscience
http://www.watertechonline.com/articles/physical-water-treatment-science-pseudoscience

Penta Water: Water clusters of fewer molecules than normal water; enters cells 14% faster; easier to drink than normal water; Helps houseplants grow; helped clear up skin problems; reduce the side effects of chemotherapy treatment for cancer; Scavenges free radicals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penta_Water

Sites critical of Penta Water
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penta_Water#External_links


Gallery of water-related pseudoscience
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/gallery.html

"Ionized" and alkaline water: Snake Oil on Tap
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/ionbunk.html

Magnetic water treatment and pseudoscience
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/magscams.html

Magnetized water: pseudoscientific snake oil
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/magwatscams.htm

Energized Water: pseudoscientific snake oil  
http://www.chem1.com/CQ/EnergizedWater.html


[E] Conclusion

Revisiting the basics of drinking water.

Fact: If your source of water is polluted and is deemed to be unsafe for drinking, then it make sense to invest in a water treatment system, one that is based on proven technology rather than hocus pocus technology.

Is the tap water in Singapore unsafe for drinking and therefore justifying the need to invest in a home or office water treatment device? The short answer is that tap water from Singapore is safe for drinking (Video 2, Figure 2): Singapore Drinking Water Quality 2013: http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/watersupply/Pages/DrinkingWQReport.aspx

Video 2: "Do we need to filter our water from the tap?" (Source: PUB)

Advice for drinking water treatment manufacturers, to conduct similar tests that PUB has done and show that by using your device, we get even better quality water, see the partial report below:

Figure 2. Singapore Drinking Water Quality 2013. Full image here


Declaration of Interest (Disinterest): For the record, PUB is neither my employer nor my client (3 May 2014).


[Appendix A] FAQ from PUB [13]
Is the use of filters necessary? Why are there stained deposits on our filters?
As PUB produces water that is well within international guidelines, there is no need to install the filters at your taps. It is safe to drink the water straight from the tap. For people who choose to add filters on their taps, they may see darkish coloured deposits on their filters overtime. This is because our tap water contains minute amounts of minerals including iron and manganese. Although the minerals’ contents in the water are very low, discolouration of the filter will eventually be noticeable when large quantities of potable water passes through the filter overtime.
Do we need to boil water for drinking?
In the old days, Singapore did not have such high standards of sanitation and public hygiene. Added to that the fact that not everyone had access to safe, piped water, people were encouraged to boil water in order to kill any pathogens that might be present. As every household in Singapore now has access to safe drinking water, it is no longer necessary to boil the water before drinking.
Why does tap water appear milky? Is the water safe for consumption?
In rare instances, dissolved air in tap water may sometimes appear as tiny bubbles making it milky or cloudy. Similar to dissolved gas in carbonated and fizzy drinks, these bubbles are much smaller and will disappear after a minute or so. While this may affect the appearance of the tap water, it is safe for consumption.
Is NEWater safe for human consumption? How does NEWater compare with PUB drinking water?
Yes, NEWater is safe for human consumption. Test results from the two-year comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological study showed that the quality of NEWater consistently exceeds the requirements stipulated in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and WHO guidelines. In fact, NEWater is cleaner than PUB water. NEWater is purified using a double membrane barrier system that will screen off viruses and bacteria in the water. The same types of membrane process system have been used for production of bottled drinking water and for desalination of seawater. In addition, NEWater will also pass through an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation barrier as a final safeguard before the NEWater is passed for use.
- See more at: http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/watersupply/Pages/DrinkingWQReport.aspx#sthash.Lf1a8Eqt.dpuf
Q1. Is the use of filters necessary? Why are there stained deposits on our filters?
As PUB produces water that is well within international guidelines, there is no need to install the filters at your taps. It is safe to drink the water straight from the tap. For people who choose to add filters on their taps, they may see darkish coloured deposits on their filters overtime. This is because our tap water contains minute amounts of minerals including iron and manganese. Although the minerals’ contents in the water are very low, discolouration of the filter will eventually be noticeable when large quantities of potable water passes through the filter overtime.

Q2. Do we need to boil water for drinking?
In the old days, Singapore did not have such high standards of sanitation and public hygiene. Added to that the fact that not everyone had access to safe, piped water, people were encouraged to boil water in order to kill any pathogens that might be present. As every household in Singapore now has access to safe drinking water, it is no longer necessary to boil the water before drinking.

Q3. Why does tap water appear milky? Is the water safe for consumption?
In rare instances, dissolved air in tap water may sometimes appear as tiny bubbles making it milky or cloudy. Similar to dissolved gas in carbonated and fizzy drinks, these bubbles are much smaller and will disappear after a minute or so. While this may affect the appearance of the tap water, it is safe for consumption.

Q4. Is NEWater safe for human consumption? How does NEWater compare with PUB drinking water?
Yes, NEWater is safe for human consumption. Test results from the two-year comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological study showed that the quality of NEWater consistently exceeds the requirements stipulated in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and WHO guidelines. In fact, NEWater is cleaner than PUB water. NEWater is purified using a double membrane barrier system that will screen off viruses and bacteria in the water. The same types of membrane process system have been used for production of bottled drinking water and for desalination of seawater. In addition, NEWater will also pass through an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation barrier as a final safeguard before the NEWater is passed for use.
- See more at: http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/watersupply/Pages/DrinkingWQReport.aspx#sthash.Lf1a8Eqt.dpuf


References
[1] http://www.diamondwaterweb.com/products_dew_features.html
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_water_filter
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filtering
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon
[5] Heskett, D.E., 1987. United States Patent: 4642192 - Method of treating fluids. 4642192.
[6] http://www.kdfft.com/products.htm
[7] Press, O.U., 2010. New Oxford American Dictionary, 3rd edition. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford ; New York.
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_splitting
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water
]10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_ionizer
[11] http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303404704577314182468322256
[12] http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/alkaline-water/faq-20058029
[13] http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/watersupply/Pages/DrinkingWQReport.aspx
[14] http://invreview.blogspot.sg/2014/05/science-vs-pseudoscience-what-where.html

Thursday, February 6, 2014

Patents & Literature: Whole Body Vibration Devices / Power Plate / Ogawa-OSIM-AIBI-OTO

Motivation
About a year ago, I brought an apparatus call ezTone for home physiotherapy use.

This morning, I was curious as to what do the patent & scientific literature inform us regarding this apparatus?


About Whole Body Vibration
Generally, this apparatus is to enable a Whole Body Vibration (WBV). 

From Wikipedia, WBV "refers to the transmission to the human body of low frequency environmental vibration in the range of 0.5 to 80 Hz through a broad contact area, such as the feet when standing, the buttocks when sitting, or the reclining body when in contact with the vibrating surface. Whole body vibration may refer to vibration training, also known as vibration therapy, biomechanical stimulation (BMS), and biomechanical oscillation (BMO), a training method employing low amplitude, low frequency mechanical stimulation to exercise musculoskeletal structures for the improvement of muscle strength, power, and flexibility. Vibration training has been advocated as a therapeutic method in the treatment of osteoperosis, sarcopenia, and metabolic syndrome, and is used in the fitness industry, physical therapy, rehabilitation, professional sports, and beauty and wellness applications."


About Power-Plate, Performance Health Systems LLC and Patents
In the US, there is a similar (and more popular) apparatus known as Power-Plate, which pretty much describes the general features of ezTone. From Wikipedia again, "Power Plate is a brand of vibrating platform used as exercise equipment. It consists of a vibrating base, which may vibrate up and down approximately 1 to 2 millimetres (39 to 79 thou) (1/16") 25 to 50 times per second."

This is a list of patents belonging to the owner of Power-Plate, "Performance Health Systems LLC":
  1. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE 2010a, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US7780574 B2.
  2. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE 2010b, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US7775937 B2.
  3. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE  2010c, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US7806806 B2.
  4. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE  2011, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US7959540 B2.
  5. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE  2012a, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, CA2833373 A1.
  6. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE 2012b, Apparatus for administering an exercise program, CA142936 S. 
  7. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE  2013a, Apparatus for administering an exercise program, USD679349 S1.
  8. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE  2013b, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, WO2012145699 A3.
  9. Jaquish, JP, Mccoy, JW & Jaquish, PE 2007a, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, WO2007048009 A3.
  10. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE   2007b, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, CA2626668 A1.
  11. Jaquish, JP & Jaquish, PE   2008, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, EP1945322 A2.
  12. Jaquish, JP, McCoy, JW & Jaquish, PE 2010, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US7753825 B2.
  13. Jaquish, PE & Jaquish, JP 2012, Systems and methods for administering an exercise program, US20120040799 A1.
  14. Tempelaars, JT 2014, Training system for training a body part of a user, EP2685955 A1.

Whole Body Vibration (WBV) related Patents
A global patent search on WBV related patents yielded a couple of hundred of hits (clustered based on patent family), and the patent landscape animation below is the visualisation of these patents. 


Singapore WBV sellers & Potential Patent Infringements
A further search revealed that Ogawa Health-care Pte. Ltd. the seller of ezTone does not have any associated patent. In fact, zero patent found for this company.

While OSIM International Pte. Ltd. has several patents covering its products, the patent for it's WBV product, OSIM uShape seems to be missing.

VBW related products from AIBI are also not protected by patents. Same case for OTO Bodycare Pte. Ltd.

I have a bad feeling for these VBW sellers as we could have several cases of patent infringements here.


30 Years of WBV Literature (1984-2014)
Aaboe, J, Trans, T, Lund, H, Henriksen, M, Christensen, R, Danneskiold-Samsø, B, Bliddal, H & Kiens, B 2007, ‘Is Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exercise Or WBV Exercise Combined With Balance Exercise In Female Patients With Osteoarthritis In The Knee A Potential Rehabilitation Intervention?’, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol. 15, Supplement C, pp. C219–C220.
Adelstein, BD, Kaiser, MK, Beutter, BR, McCann, RS & Anderson, MR 2013, ‘Display strobing: An effective countermeasure against visual blur from whole-body vibration’, Acta Astronautica, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 53–64.
Alizadeh-Meghrazi, M, Masani, K, Popovic, MR & Craven, BC 2012, ‘Whole-Body Vibration During Passive Standing in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Plate Choice, Frequency, Amplitude, and Subject’s Posture on Vibration Propagation’, PM&R, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 963–975.
Arora, N & Grenier, SG 2013, ‘Acute effects of whole body vibration on directionality and reaction time latency of trunk muscles: The importance of rest and implications for spine stability’, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 394–401.
Avelar, NCP, Ribeiro, VGC, Mezêncio, B, Fonseca, SF, Tossige-Gomes, R, da Costa, SJ, Szmuchrowski, L, Gripp, F, Coimbra, CC & Lacerda, ACR 2013, ‘Influence of the knee flexion on muscle activation and transmissibility during whole body vibration’, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 844–850.
Basri, B & Griffin, MJ 2013, ‘Predicting discomfort from whole-body vertical vibration when sitting with an inclined backrest’, Applied Ergonomics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 423–434.
Beaudart, C, Buckinx, F, Maquet, D, Crielaard, J-M, Reginster, J-Y & Bruyère, O 2013, ‘What are the clinical characteristics of patients improving their gait and body balance with whole body vibration? Results of a 3-month randomized controlled trial’, European Geriatric Medicine, vol. 4, Supplement 1, p. S53.
Beck, BR & Norling, TL 2009, ‘Effects of 8 months of twice-weekly high versus low intensity whole body vibration on risk factors for hip fracture in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial’, Bone, vol. 44, Supplement 1, pp. S70–S71.
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